Polyamine Action under Metal/Metalloid Stress: Regulation of Biosynthesis, Metabolism, and Molecular Interactions

Stress and Polyamine Metabolism

The polyamines (PAs) putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) (Fig. 1) have been shown to be involved in a variety of plant growth and developmental processes, including cell division, vascular differentiation, root initiation, shoot formation, flower initiation and development, fruit ripening and senescence and embryoid formation in tissue cultures (Evans and Malmberg, 1989; Galst...

Dissecting Rice Polyamine Metabolism under Controlled Long-Term Drought Stress

A selection of 21 rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica and japonica) was characterized under moderate long-term drought stress by comprehensive physiological analyses and determination of the contents of polyamines and selected metabolites directly related to polyamine metabolism. To investigate the potential regulation of polyamine biosynthesis at the transcriptional level, the expressi...

Stress and polyamine metabolism in fungi

Fungi, as well as the rest of living organisms must deal with environmental challenges such as stressful stimuli. Fungi are excellent models to study the general mechanisms of the response to stress, because of their simple, but conserved, signal-transduction and metabolic pathways that are often equivalent to those present in other eukaryotic systems. A factor that has been demonstrated to be ...

Regulation of Bone Metabolism

Bone is formed through the processes of endochondral and intramembranous ossification. In endochondral ossification primary mesenchymal cells differentiate to chondrocytes and then are progressively substituted by bone, while in intramembranous ossification mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiate directly into osteoblasts to form bone. The steps of osteogenic proliferation, differentiation,...

Polyamine Biosynthesis